If one has to think of aromatic cyanation, first thought would be a Pd-catalyzed coupling of halides with one of the cyanide source - NaCN, CuCN or Zn(CN), KCN. As everyone is aware of, Cyanides are among the most poisonous substances.
What ALTERNATIVE is available for this kind of transformation?
Beller and co-workers reported the use of non-toxic, non-poisonous and cheap potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) as cyanating agent. Under the reported protocol, both activated and deactivated aryl and heteroaryl bromides and activated chlorides gave the corresponding cyanation products in good to excellent yield.
Various research groups explored this area in depth. Zhu et al has reported the use of Pd/C for the same tranformation and also used recovered Pd/C that worked with the same efficiency. Also, they found that catalyst system comprising Pd(OAc)2 and DPPF was efficient for the cyanation of aryl triflates with potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) as cyanide source.
Some alternatives to costly/hazardous reactions are represented. Also, this blog would discuss and cite New, novel, different and Intersting synthesis methods from literature.
Saturday, June 26, 2010
Friday, June 25, 2010
Reduction of ester by NaBH4
Generally, carboxylic acid esters are reduced to alcohol using LAH (Lithium alluminium hydride). However, at larger scale this reaction could be a troublesome in terms of moisture content of THF and also quantity of LAH required. The most important is fire hazzard related to LAH.
Is there any ALTERNATE available for this transformation? The answer would be - Yes, there is. One can use Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) for such transformations.
This article by Saoi et al. mention use of NaBH4 for ester reduction. They studied the role of MeOH with combinations of other solvents and found that THF or t-BuOH (4 vol) along with MeOH (1 vol) and 1-2 eq. of NaBH4 gave the best results.
Also, Rasmussen and co-worker used the similar technique for the reduction of ester to alcohol in single step instead of two-step process.
Is there any ALTERNATE available for this transformation? The answer would be - Yes, there is. One can use Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) for such transformations.
This article by Saoi et al. mention use of NaBH4 for ester reduction. They studied the role of MeOH with combinations of other solvents and found that THF or t-BuOH (4 vol) along with MeOH (1 vol) and 1-2 eq. of NaBH4 gave the best results.
Also, Rasmussen and co-worker used the similar technique for the reduction of ester to alcohol in single step instead of two-step process.
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